25 slode powerpoint lloking at Weimar during its Golden Age. Encyclopedia Britannica, “Germany.” 4 An airline trip from New York to London that could take up to 15 hours in the early 1950s could be made in less than seven hours by the early 1960s. It presents over 700 works of European painting from the 14th to 18th centuries, including one of the largest collections of paintings by Albrecht Dürer and Peter Paul Rubens. Lack of political unity often bought conflict and war between city-states. File previews. pptx, 16.34 MB. The "Golden Twenties" were a fertile period of stability and culture in Weimar Germany “Human progress is neither automatic nor inevitable” -Martin Luther King Jr. Starting from the common view of the decade between the moderation of the German anti-sodomy law in 1968 (East) and 1969 (West) and the first documented case of … Some people think that the Weimar Republic recovered, but others disagree and think … The pirate code was an idea originally conceived in the 17th century by buccaneers for the government of pirates. When the Great Depression removed the US loans the German economy was crippled, and dissatisfaction with the center parties led to extremists like the Nazis growing in votes. The Golden '20s were Europe's equivalent to America's Roaring '20s -- a decade of fun, frivolity and free expression. ... Germany's cultural focus will be on this fascinating urban area in 2010, attracting visitors with versatile events. Overview The Golden age of the Weimar Republic (1924-1929) saw many changes to the cultural life in Germany. Ruhr2010; PDF Download "Ruhr2010" top. Germany: A golden age? The Golden Age of Hollywood: 1915 - 1963 Summary of the Golden Age of Hollywood: The Golden Age of Hollywood, sometimes referred to as the period of classical Hollywood cinema, started with the silent movie era and the first major feature-length silent movie called the 'Birth of a Nation' (1915). The aim of this lesson is to study of the fascinating Weimar culture that Germany experienced in the 1920s and evaluate … Weimar Economy 1924 - 1929 - how did this contribute to the Golden Age? Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy. docx, 600.3 KB. The 'Golden Age' was a period of interactions between pornography and the contemporaneous second wave of feminism. The Golden Age of German Film. His three most recent books are: The Golden Age of Folk and Fairy Tales: From the Brothers Grimm to Andrew Lang (2013), The Original Folk and Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm (2014), and Grimm Legacies: The Magic Power of the Grimms’ Folk and Fairy Tales (2015), and this article is based on material from his books. The country was recovering … Globalization’s Coming Golden Age Why Crisis Ends in Connection By ... notably Germany and Italy, and administrative reform in the Habsburg empire—ending internal customs duties and serf labor—were all designed to push economic growth. Emperor Xerxes, Darius's son, took over following his death and tried to expand. It was in the 1950s, when the television started influencing the lives of the common men. What did this look like, how did it impact our world today and how did it give the Nazis a wedge issue they could use to gain political traction with people in the countryside? German classical music has enjoyed a reign of a several hundred years, … Paragraph 2: Ida and Meyer need love and recognition. 3. Technology and the Culture of Modernity in Britain and Germany, 1890-1945, by Bernhard Rieger. The German expression “ Ordnung muss sein ” (“there must be order”) reflects the cultural preference for organisation … Culture; Graphic detail; Obituary; Special reports; ... but ahead of France, Germany and Italy. Germany is home to over 80 million people – as well as a diverse array of religions, customs, and traditions that make up the rich national psyche. The Golden Age in Europe: Greece. Ovid's poetry, known to schoolboys from Antiquity through the Middle Ages and beyond, [citation needed] was likely a prime source for the transmission of the myth of the Golden Age during the period when Western Europe had lost direct contact with Greek literature. After the buccaneering era was in full swing in the 1650's, the buccaneers began to live by a set of rules known as Chasse-Partie, Charter Party, Custom of the Coast, or Jamaica Discipline. Mass culture. Overview of artisitc and cultural change in Weimar Germany. The Golden Age of the Jews in Spain lasted roughly from the tenth through twelfth centuries. During the 17 th century, driven by new freedom from … According to a survey, approximately 3.1 million people had television sets in America in the 1950s. "Mit 66 Jahren, da fängt das Leben an, mit 66 Jahren, da hat man Spaß daran" (Life starts at 66; 66 is the age when the fun begins) – there is something to be said for the lyrics of this German … An examination of the changing expectations of women in Germany follows. Role Model and Countermodel: The Golden Age of Iberian Jewry and German Jewish Culture during the Era of Emancipation. Paragraph 1: The children at TGA need love and recognition. Main religions. The years 1924 to 1929 became known as the ‘Golden Years’, as … Understandably, Berlin dominated theatrical developments, especially because of the work of Brecht at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm. The exceptions were periodic rebellions by fanatical Muslim sects who did not like the laxity of the Moors. The Reformation initiated by Martin Luther in 1517 divided German Christians between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. It is estimated that … Dutch Culture in the Golden Age is a lucid essay that offers a rich and rewarding, and exceptionally nuanced, insight into the culture – more than just painting and literature – of 17th–century Holland. The book also documents the degree in which scholarship of the Dutch Golden Age has progressed since the 1970s. By researching and viewing German and American film classics, students have opportunity to learn more about German language and an important element of German culture that has had significant impact … German society, economy, and culture in the 14th and 15th centuries Transformation of rural life Despite the impressive advance of trade and industry in the later Middle Ages, German society … Known as the "Land of Poets and Thinkers," German culture has been heavily influenced by religion, composers, writers, and philosophers. Overview of artisitc and cultural change in Weimar Germany. The Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) caused trade to expand quickly, which attracted … Read Martin Luther King and The Montgomery Story: The Influential 1957 Civil Rights Comic Book. English. Weimar during its Golden Age - an overview. In 431 to 404 B.C., the Peloponnesian War broke out and Spartans won. 1939 – England and France declare war on Germany in September 1939. However, this shift was not permanent. by Eric D. Weitz. The “Golden Age” 1924-1929 It is really important to know that this period is known as the Weimar Republic’s “Golden age”. Weimar Economy 1924 - 1929 - how did this contribute to the Golden Age? The ‘golden age’ of bacteriology and its impact on medicine had begun. The Dutch Golden Age (17th century) was a period of great wealth for the Dutch Republic. Pen, Brush and Voice (Golden Age, Classical to Medieval eras) - A good choice if you're coming out a classical-era Dark Age into a medieval-era Heroic Age, as the culture boost can make up for lost time from the Monasticism Dark Age wildcard. He presented his experiments to Ferdinand Cohn, Germany's most renowned botanist. Artistically, this period shows signs of growing German nationalism. Given a haven in East Germany—a theatre … In about 1965 B.C., the Amorites overran Sumer and Akkad. 1. History. Whilst many movies came out of the United States, German films … A family enjoying a beach holiday in Norderney, North Germany, in 1927. There was one in 1949, 1953, 1957, 1960 – four recessions in 11 years. …there wasn’t significant economic growth in the 1950s. Germans are known for being industrious, orderly and punctual. The victory was followed by 50 years of peace known as the Golden Age of Athens. Culture Wars Magazine has been reporting from the front lines of the social, political and cultural battles in America and the West for over 35 years. A lesson in which students are asked to hunt down information (on sheets included) to describe the 1920s 'Golden Age' of … Classical Music: The Three Bs. …there wasn’t significant economic growth in the 1950s. German classical music has enjoyed a reign of a several hundred years, beginning in the 16th century and kept alive to the present day. The 90’s is where rap truly hit its stride. That paper was published in 1876, when Koch was thirty-two years old. 1. The Dutch Golden Age was a period in the history of the Netherlands, roughly spanning the era from 1588 to 1672, in which Dutch trade, science, and art and the Dutch military were among … This period in German history is often referred to as the ‘Weimar Renaissance’ or the country’s ‘Golden Years’. Weimar Germany between the years of 1924 and 1929 is often called the ‘Golden Era’ because of Germany’s reassertion as a great European power. However, this shift was not permanent. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Role Model and Countermodel : The Golden Age of Iberian Jewry and German Jewish Culture During the Era of Emancipation by Carsten Schapkow (2015, Hardcover) at the best online prices at … Deeply impressed, Cohn offered to publish Koch's paper in his own botanical journal. ... and known as the Heroic Period- or Mycenaean Age. Download 15,000+ Free Golden Age Comics from the Digital Comic Museum. WWI brought a new agenda for the German film industry. Most Germans called their country the Deutsches Reich, the old pre-war name. As a result, the cultural and societal expectations of women began to shift. Democracy was full of promise for many in November 1918, but couldn’t deliver on the high expectations and then, for lots of people, it became less attractive when they were confronted with what many people in Germany in 1919 perceived as a vindictive peace. 305 pp. Fritz Stern (1926-2016) was a German-American historian who specialised in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. This pattern of short lived coalitions continued throughout ‘The Golden era’ of the Weimar Republic as parties failed to find acceptable working agreements. Marlene Dietrich and other classic performers of German cinema can serve to open up a whole new realm for students of German, at secondary and postsecondary levels. ... (such as the cellulose), became scarce and was rationed. In the medieval era, the reign of Charlemagne introduced German artists to the three-dimensionality of Roman art. $90.00 US (cloth). https://alphahistory.com/weimarrepublic/golden-age-of-weimar Screen Cultures. Free Comic Books Turn Kids Onto Physics: Start with the Adventures of Nikola Tesla. Starting from the common view of the decade between the moderation of the German anti-sodomy law in 1968 (East) and 1969 (West) and the first documented case of AIDS (1982) as a ‘golden age’ for queer politics and culture, this edited … During this period, an extensive building campaign was undertaken by the Empire. Debate whether Weimar's Golden Age is a myth developed by Nazi-era emigres, or a real cultural era Germans consciously cultivated. This volume earns its … The rate of structural unemployment kept going up, all the way up to 8% in the severe recession of 1957-58. Society in general appears, … Golden age definition, the most flourishing period in the history of a nation, literature, etc. Paintings and sculptures, often in the Gothic style popularized in France and Germany, were generally made to decorate churches, and illuminated manuscripts and stained glass were also created. The above paragraphs merely agree with the statement, but don’t delve into the many aspects of the novel that could contribute to a sophisticated essay. An examination of the changing expectations of women in Germany follows. Germany especially flourished after World War I. The Topos of Golden Age in Friedrich Schlegel’s Notion of Cultural Transfer from Antiquity to Early Nineteenth-Century Germany December 2014 DOI: 10.14361/transcript.9783839427866.79 Stresemann’s policies managed to stabilise Germany and save it from the brink of collapse. The Peace of Augsburg (1555) introduced the principle that (with some exceptions) the inhabitants of each of Germany’s numerous territories should follow the religion of the ruler; thus, the south and west became mainly Roman Catholic, the north and … Austria was inhabited by Celtic peoples from prehistory until it … Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. The son of a World War I soldier, Stern was raised in the Weimar Republic but his family fled Germany in 1938 to escape Nazi persecution. The Weimar Republic period of German history, from 1918-1933, saw economic, stylistic and cultural changes in the German film industry that would have profound effects on the history of German cinema. The political and cultural fragmentation even led to disagreement over the state’s very name. Golden Age: The 90’s. Two poor musicians, saxophonist Joe and bass player Jerry, play at a pub owned by a mobster. Other articles where German National Theatre is discussed: Germany: Literature and theatre: The old German National Theatre (Deutsches Nationaltheater) in Weimar was the first to be rebuilt after 1945. The Alte Pinakothek is one of the most important art galleries in the world. Economic growth was very fast during until about 1620 when it slowed, but continued to grow steadily until the end of the Golden Age. Germany has a strong, rich tradition in the visual arts. The Golden Age of the Persian Empire did not last long, as it arose at the beginning of Darius' reign and steadily declined once it was over. Rochester: Camden House, 2008. In the 1950s, the United States suffered four recessions. Why were German Jews so fascinated by Iberian Sephardic history? This book explores the Golden Age of Sephardic Jewry on the Iberian Peninsula and its perception in German Jewish culture during the era of emancipation. "The Golden Years" of the Weimar Republic Flashcards | Quizlet But the far right hated the association of reich and parliamentary democracy. There are currently two main religions prominent in … The Golden Ages of Northern Italy and Flanders took place from the late 13th century to the mid-16th century, and saw a flourishing of the arts of the Renaissance, especially painting and … Inside was something the looters somehow had missed: golden treasures placed there 2,400 years ago. The increase in all of these made the entertainment and leisure in Germany higher than it had ever been before. ), was used by the Romans to designate various peoples occupying the region … The Dutch Golden Age is one of the finest examples of independence breeding cultural pride. See more. How do you explain the cultural and artistic blossoming in Germany, and particularly in Berlin, in the 1920s? Weimar Golden Age - source task. The Dutch Golden Age spanned 150 years (1600-1750), and exhibitions in museums throughout Amsterdam bring the era’s characteristics of prosperity and greatness … Encyclopedia Britannica, “Germany.” 2. Golden Age (1609–1713) The century from the conclusion of the Twelve Years’ Truce in 1609 until either the death of Prince William III in 1702 or the conclusion of the Peace of Utrecht in … THE GOLDEN AGE: 1919–1933 Defeat brought two to three years of social and political turmoil until the Weimar Republic (named after the provincial town to which the postwar government … 1. This is when the noted … Paragraph 3: Sister Penny needs love and recognition. Modern nudists embrace the practice for relaxation and a sense of personal freedom, not in the hopes of ushering in a new Golden Age. The Golden Age of Egyptian cinema is classed (unofficially) as the 1940s to mid-’60s. The introduction of Germany to the league of nations was definitely a major feature in the golden years between 1925-1929 because talking with the likes of Britain and France in the League of … The Golden Age of Europe in the 1960’s was considered a time of growth. The Netherlands is one of the most secularized countries in Western Europe. Alongside the economic and political stability of the Stresemann period came a flowering of Weimar Culture. pptx, 374.62 KB. Certainly, this period was a time of great success for many with some businesses booming, a brand new currency and the approval of America. The leading politician Gustav Stresemann helped secure … The Dutch Golden Age lasted from roughly 1580, when the Dutch proved themselves successful in their fight with the Spanish, to about 1670, when the Republic’s economy experienced a down-turn. Set in opposition to "high culture". Peter Gay. Historian arguing that Weimar "created little" and only "liberated what was already there" as far back as fin-de-siecle. This 1954 film marked the seventh teaming of director Kurosawa with actor Toshiro Mifune—the foremost Japanese actor of the … Summary of Dutch Golden Age Painting. This book explores the “Golden Age” of Sephardic Jewry on the Iberian Peninsula and its perception in German Jewish culture during the era of emancipation. Stern was a notable critic of the Sonderweg position. The 19th century was the ninth century of the 2nd millennium . 1850-1910 is considered the Golden age of stein production. Weimar Culture The GCSE History Revision Podcast Education Alongside the economic and political stability of the Stresemann period came a flowering of … Weimar Culture November 15, 2021 Alongside the economic and political stability of the Stresemann period came a flowering of Weimar Culture. In 1919, the first parliamentary democracy was established in Germany with the signing of … The Catholic Centrist Party favored German People’s State; the moderate left the German Republic. Starting from the common view of the decade between … Germany: A golden age? Travel Germany and German tourism by ComeToGermany.com. The term Golden Age comes from Greek mythology, particularly the Works and Days of Hesiod, and is part of the description of temporal decline of the state of peoples through five Ages, … The remaining 6.1 percent is … There was one in 1949, 1953, 1957, 1960 – four recessions in 11 years. In 492 B.C., the Persian Empire invaded mainland Greece but was later defeated by a combined Athens and Sparta. Many different areas were affected, such as the youth culture and chemical drugs and protests, particularly the 1968 … golden age: [noun] a period of great happiness, prosperity, and achievement. The 90s golden age has become a cultural touchstone for the current generation. This book is the first attempt to present a comprehensive picture of LGBT culture in the two German states in the 1970s. docx, 824.07 KB. The demise of the Midnight Club closed the chapter on Japan’s golden age of street racing. tasks were accomplished.”. 1001 Inventions is an award-winning international science and cultural heritage organisation that raises awareness of the creative golden age of Arabic Science. There is doubt from some historians as to whether the ‘Golden Age’ actually existed. However, there were improvements that helped ordinary working Germans during this time: Hourly wages rose in real terms (ie above inflation) every year from 1924 to 1930, with a rise of 10 per cent in 1928 alone. –8000 B.C.E. Translated by Corey Twitchell. From Wikipedia: “A golden age is a period in a field of endeavor when great. Travel to Germany and discover castles, the Black Forest, Rhine River, Christmas markets and the famous Oktoberfest. The market is only just warming up. Art, film, architecture, music and cabaret, theatre and fashion radically changed in … The name Germany is derived from the Latin word Germania, which, at the time of the Gallic War (58–51 B.C.E. Dr Jon Hughes at Royal Holloway, London discusses The Golden Age of Sports as part of a course on Germany – Sport and Physical Culture, 1919-33 | High-quality, curriculum-linked video lectures for GCSE, A Level and IB, produced by MASSOLIT. 8 Some Like It Hot (1959) Chicago is a gangster-ruled city in 1929, filled with street shootings and illegal liquors. With rare exceptions, the Spanish Jews never had the persecution complex that Ashkenazic-European Jewry experienced in France and Germany. In the 1920s smoking was rare among women. The Golden '20s were Europe's equivalent to America's Roaring '20s -- a decade of fun, frivolity and free expression. It is considered Japan's “Golden Age,” a high point in Japanese culture that later generations have always admired. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976. File previews. It … As legend has it, Rome was founded in 753 B.C. With Dutch Culture in the Golden Age Leslie Price returns to the theme with which he began his long and distinguished career of teaching and research at the University of Hull. Democracy was full of promise for many in November 1918, but couldn’t deliver on the high expectations and then, for lots of people, it became less attractive when they were confronted with what many people in Germany in 1919 perceived as a vindictive peace. Starting from the common view of the decade between the … 8) Germany’s Cultural Revival •The 1920s was a golden age for German cinema. As a result, people became happier with the Weimar Republic Government and less likely to support extreme •Films and music in the cinema was very new and exciting and included Having previously lived … In the wake of World War II, Pollen writes, English nudism was drained of ideology. Translation: Social Democratic Party, abbreviated SDP. Technological advancements in glass and ceramic making as well as the expansion of industry allowed the beer stein to be massed produced. In 1919, the first … Germany’s original inhabitants date back to the Bronze Age and are thought to have come from Scandinavia. It is Germania in Latin, l’Allemagne in French and Almanya in Turkish. German musicians have also made a noticeable mark on world culture. Weimar Culture The GCSE History Revision Podcast Education Alongside the economic and political stability of the Stresemann period came a flowering of Weimar Culture. Augustus the Strong brought his vision of a Baroque masterpiece to life between 1723 and 1730 as a statement of wealth and absolute power. Encyclopedia Britannica, “Germany.” 2. by Eric D. Weitz. Weimar-era Expressionists like Fritz Lang developed and embraced new methods of film-making, the influence of which continues today. As a result, the cultural and societal expectations of women began to shift. Germany: A golden age? Weimar during its Golden Age - an overview. It was also a golden period for Sumerian literature. Clothes have to be practical. The Viking Age (793–1066 AD) was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonizing, conquest, and trading throughout Europe and reached North America. The Golden Age of Europe in the 1960’s was considered a time of growth. The term is often used to refer to the 1800s, the century between January 1, 1800 and December 31, 1899. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016. ... particularly as filmmakers continued to take cues from Hollywood, which was in a Golden Age of the movie musical. The Heian Period, as it came to be called, refers to the years between 794 and 1185 when the Kamakura shogunate was established at the end of the Genpei War. The 19th ( nineteenth) century began on January 1, 1801, and ended on December 31, 1900. by Romulus and Remus, twin sons of Mars, the god of war. Its income per head was 92% of the average of 16 rich economies. Origins of Rome. Weimar Golden Age - source task. 25 slode powerpoint lloking at Weimar during its Golden Age. pptx, 973.41 KB. Prosperity was returning to America. Only about 39% of citizens claim to be religious, and of those 39% only 6% attend church on a regular basis. In the … This period between 1925 and 1929 has become known for its high living, vibrant urban life and the popularisation of new styles of music and dance. Germany especially flourished after World War I. Potsdam is the first German city to be named UNESCO Creative City of Film — thanks largely to its Babelsberg Studios and a famous movie starring Marlene Dietrich. Classical Music: The Three Bs. In Role Model and Countermodel: The Golden Age of Iberian Jewry and German Jewish Culture during the Era of Emancipation (Lexington Books, 2015), University of Oklahoma Professor Dr. Carsten Schapkow looks beyond the typical model of German-Jewish assimilation in response to emancipation in … Many different areas were affected, such as the youth culture and chemical drugs and protests, particularly the 1968 student strikes in Paris, France. One of the greatest films in the history of world cinema is Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai. Germany is known for its long and rich history, … Football’s triumphal march towards becoming Germany’s most popular sport by far is due mainly to the fact that it contains a cultural creative power that can blossom under certain historical conditions. The chamber contained two bucket-shaped gold vessels, each placed upside down. This book is the first attempt to present a comprehensive picture of LGBT culture in the two German states in the 1970s. The Golden Age of Hollywood ended with the demise of the … The vampire from the 1922 film Nosferatu. the political achievements of weimar - forcing the kaiser to abdicate, writing a democratic constitution, improving the social conditions of its people - lent 1920s germany an … The Historic Green Vault is a hit with visitors who flock to the Dresden State Art Collections to admire it. What did this look like, how did it impact our world today and how did it give the Nazis a wedge issue they could use to gain political traction with people in the countryside? ... Women in Weimar Fashion: Discourses and Displays in German Culture, 1918-1933. Weimar Culture. The Danube River valley was populated as long ago as the Paleolithic Age (50,000 B.C.E. From the 7th century onwards, men and women of different faiths and cultures built on knowledge from ancient civilisations making breakthroughs that have left their mark on our world. The period between 1924 and 1929 is known as the ‘Golden Age’ or ‘The Years of Hope’. Encyclopedia Britannica, “Germany.” 4 The Golden Age of Weimar 1924-1929 SlideShare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Start studying 2.1: Elizabethan Culture: A Golden Age?. Between 1923 and 1929 Germany under the Weimar Republic experienced a golden age. Read. Berlin is its capital, but Hamburg, Munich and Cologne are also among the main cities of Germany. The idea being that the lid would keep out infested insects. The political tumult of 1920s Germany helped give rise to a new genre of cinema called Expressionism. By researching and viewing German and American film classics, students have opportunity to learn more about German language and an important element of German culture that has had significant impact … There were cultural changes in Weimar Germany due to 4 key reasons: Worldwide trends in art and culture and a reaction to the horror of the First World War. The rate of structural unemployment kept going up, all the way up to 8% in the severe recession of 1957-58. Editors’ Note: An original version of this implied that nudism as a concept spread from England to Germany, which is incorrect. It followed the Migration Period and the Germanic Iron Age. The 1920s were a golden era for film and cinema-going became a popular leisure pastime for many Germans. November 15, 2021. 1. 3. Germany: A golden age? After a police raid hits the bar one night, Joe and Jerry are barely able to escape and go to a music agency in search of a new job. Innovation and style was at a all time high by this point with the help from the groups aforementioned in my previous post leading up to this point, but with the entrance into this new decade we see the all the heavy hitters in the Hip Hop world starting to establish themselves. The Classical Period or Golden Age of Greece, from around 500 to 300 BC, has given us the great monuments, art, philosophy, architecture and literature which are the building blocks of our … Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005. x, 319 pp. With the entry of the U.S. into the war in 1917, Erich von Ludendorff, Quartermaster General of the … From the Merriam-Webster Dictionary: Full Definition of … ). Finally, Ur was attacked and destroyed, thereby ending the golden age. However, there were improvements that helped ordinary working Germans during this time: Hourly … Golden Age (1609–1713) The century from the conclusion of the Twelve Years’ Truce in 1609 until either the death of Prince William III in 1702 or the conclusion of the Peace of Utrecht in 1713 is known in Dutch history as the “Golden Age.”. Marlene Dietrich and other classic performers of German cinema can serve to open up a whole new realm for students of German, at secondary and postsecondary levels. However, passage of the 19th Amendment ushered in new freedoms and smoking in public became symbolic of women’s new role in society. Why did new artistic and cultural ideas flourish in Weimar Germany? The population is 91.5 percent German, with Turkish being the second largest ethnic group at 2.4 percent, according to the World Factbook. Germany’s economy and political affairs were suffering at the time, but cultural and intellectual life was flourishing.

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